Bromus tectorum invasion in South America: Patagonia under threat?

Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is an aggressive invasive species posing threats to native ecosystems including increase in fire frequency, alteration of water and nutrient cycles and exclusion of native species. As such, it is important to monitor this species worldwide. However, outside the United States, it has been poorly studied. We studied this species at two scales: (i) at a local scale, evaluating the species presence and its determinants, along the ecotonal area between the steppe and the forest within north‐western Patagonia, to reveal whether B. tectorum is actually invading natural ecosystems in areas comparable with those invaded in USA, and (ii) at a regional scale, through a search of literature and herbaria databases on B. tectorum in South America, to determine the current known distribution of the species in this subcontinent. Results indicate that it is already invading north‐western Patagonia in Argentina, mainly in the semi‐arid part of the region, and that precipitation influences the invasion process. We found that for South America, B. tectorum has been only documented in southern Argentina and Chile. Given the similarities to other invaded regions, the possibility of invasion for Patagonia has been predicted but not prevented. It is important to study changes in the invasion level where it is already established, and to encourage managers with prevention and control strategies. Combining this information with lessons from places with extensive periods of invasion could help to initiate management of the species in areas where the invasion process is beginning and before the species spreads widely.     

黄土高原西部人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律

利用便携式中子水分测定仪,对黄土高原西部丘陵区不同立地条件、不同灌木类型覆盖下土壤水分含量进行观测研究,同时对人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：阴坡土壤水分储量最高,其次为半阴坡和半阳坡,阳坡最低,坡向因子与土壤水分储量呈显著正相关,坡位因子与土壤水分储量相关性不显著。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)耗水量较大,沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata）、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等耗水量居中,荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)耗水量较低,在植被恢复过程中,应根据物种抗旱性的不同在不同坡向进行合理的配置。从单株植物对土壤水分水平分布的影响看,随着离树干距离的加大,土壤水分含量越高,但在不同的土层深度土壤水分水平分布特征有差异。     

自然条件下水分和坡向对小甘菊生长发育的影响

小甘菊是一种强阳性耐旱植物,对于干旱缺水的新疆地区而言,是一种十分珍贵的野生资源,在节水之余,还可用于点缀早春的景色。文中针对小甘菊自然环境下的分布进行描述,并分析自然状态下不同坡向对小甘菊生长情况的影响。结果表明,在小甘菊萌芽展叶期,土壤水分状况和坡向对其生物量增加和生长势有显著影响;充足的光照有利于小甘菊的生长发育,南向坡是其最佳的生长方位;适当增加早期土壤含水量和选择光照充足的环境,更加有利于小甘菊的生长发育和增加其观赏性。     

Potential distribution of two Ambrosia species in China under projected climate change

The invasion of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida from their native range to occupy large areas in China has raised considerable concern. Using the maximum entropy (Maxent) method, we developed models for each Ambrosia species, based on occurrence records from both native ranges (North America) and their invaded ranges (e.g. northern and south‐western Europe) to predict the availability and distribution of suitable habitats for these two species in China. For each species, we also assessed potential shifts in habitat suitability for the year 2050, using three general circulation models (GCMs) and two emission scenarios. Elevation and average mean precipitation in October contributed most to model development for both species. Potential distribution projections under future climatic change scenarios suggested an averaged percentage of suitable area (2.21%) and habitat gain (1.49%) in A. artemisiifolia distribution, with further expansion to environmentally favourable locations in south‐east coastal regions, northern Taiwan and the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan area in northern China. Future predicted percentage of suitable area for A. trifida was 0.03% with a very limited suitable habitat gain of <1% although this species had the potential to continue to spread in northern China. Our findings suggest that management priorities should be focused on A. artemisiifolia, whilst effective control strategies for A. trifida may be optimised by concentrating efforts on those relatively fewer regions of China where the species is currently abundant.     

危险性有害生物苹淡褐卷蛾在我国的适生区预测

苹淡褐卷蛾是一种危害严重的有害生物,利用 CLIMEX3.0软件对苹淡褐卷蛾在我国的适生区进行预测,结果发现该虫在我国的气候适生区域比较广泛,除新疆、吉林和黑龙江外,其他省份均有适生地区,适生面积约为369万 km2,占我国国土面积的38%。针对有害生物的传入和定殖能力,提出了相应的管理措施以防止传入我国。     

稻田土壤8种真菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性分析

基于ITS-5.8s rDNA区序列,初步鉴定了浙江大学试验基地稻田土壤的8种常见真菌。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了井冈霉素、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和三唑酮4种常用杀菌剂对这8种土壤真菌的抑菌活性,以及多菌灵与咪鲜胺混用对禾柄锈菌、黑曲霉和长枝木霉3种真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明:8种真菌对咪鲜胺最敏感,EC50值在0.091~3.1 mg/L之间;多菌灵的EC50值在0.15~1.8 mg/L之间;三唑酮的EC50值在0.57~8.5 mg/L之间;井冈霉素的敏感性最低,EC50在12~94 mg/L之间。由4种杀菌剂的SSDs曲线分析结果得出,不同真菌对杀菌剂敏感性存在显著差异。当多菌灵与咪鲜胺按其EC50值分别以体积比3∶2、1∶1和7∶3混用时,增效系数分别为1.615、1.039和1.042,表现出一定的协同或相加作用。本研究结果为进一步阐明杀菌剂对稻田生态系统真菌群落的生态效应及杀菌剂的科学合理使用提供了重要依据。     

Timing of migration and changes in age structure of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Frome, a Dorset chalk stream, over a 24-year period

During the last 24 years, the number of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., migrating up the River Frome has varied between < 1000 and > 4000 fish per annum. Most parr become smolts at age 1+ and there are three main sea ages of salmon returning to the river. Each sea age shows a bimodal pattern of migration in the river. Primary migration times for 3-sea-winter (3SW) fish are spring and autumn, with 2SW fish and grilse (1SW) peaking in summer and autumn. Some 28.4% of 3SW and 6.9% of 2SW fish are previous spawners. Multi-sea-winter fish historically passed over the counter in all months of the year, but recently, their numbers have declined, as have total numbers of fish of all ages. There has been a fundamental change in the age structure of the population, with grilse increasing in proportion over the study period. Photographs of fish, taken for validation of the counter, showed a significant decrease in mean length of grilse, but an increase in mean length for 2SW and 3SW fish. Rod catch data support these findings.     

广东沿海近江牡蛎体砷含量水平、地理分布特点和变化趋势

１９８９～１９９５年广东沿海近江牡蛎体砷的测定数据和有关历史资料表明,所有牡蛎样品的砷含量在（０．３１～２．５１）×１０－６之间,总平均值为１．３０×１０－６,均低于海洋生物污染评价标准值,属正常本底水平。牡蛎体砷含量的地理分布呈粤东和粤西西部高、珠江口和粤西东部低的格局。１９８１～１９９１年,牡蛎体砷的平均含量呈下降趋势,１９９１年以后,牡蛎体砷的平均含量虽有波动,但年际间没有明显差异。     

Springtime abundance of chaetognaths in the shelf region of the northern Gulf of Alaska, with observations on the vertical distribution and feeding of Sagitta elegans

Chaetognatha were among the most dominant macrozooplankton taxa collected in 6 years of springtime collections, both throughout the water column and near-bottom on the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Three species ( Sagitta elegans, S. scrippsae, and Eukrohnia hamata ) were collected in 248 collections, although S. elegans was the numerically dominant species overall during most cruises. Collections taken in epibenthic sleds generally contained about two orders of magnitude more chaetognaths than those that sampled throughout the water column. Two size modes were apparent in the S. elegans size-frequency distributions which were believed to belong to different cohorts. Growth rate was on the order of 2–3 mm per month. The two cohorts showed asynchronous diel vertical distribution patterns, with the smaller individuals found near the surface during the day whereas the larger individuals were near the surface at night. About 7.5% of the S. elegans examined contained food. Copepods made up the majority (∼89% by number) of the diet of both large and small individuals. Euphausiid juveniles and cirripede larvae were also observed, as well as several incidences of cannibalism by large chaetognaths on smaller individuals. Based on the results of two diel series, this species was observed to feed mainly during the night-time.     

基于GIS的三峡库区低山丘陵区乡村聚落空间分布研究——以忠县涂井乡、石宝镇为例

选择三峡库区腹地典型低山丘陵区的忠县涂井乡和石宝镇的乡村聚落为实证研究对象,采用GIS空间分析模块定量分析该区域乡村聚落空间分布的特点及影响因素。结果表明:研究区乡村聚落以中型为主,独立院落和大型聚落为数较少。空间分布呈现出东部相对密集,西部、西南部较为稀疏的特点,且具有明显的道路、水源指向性。海拔和坡度对该区域乡村聚落空间分布有显著影响,海拔200～400 m和坡度5°～15°范围是乡村聚落的密集分布区,并且乡村聚落随高程和坡度的增加呈偏左态分布。社会经济条件以及政策等人文因素,也是影响乡村聚落分布的重要因素。乡村聚落的形成、发展及空间分布,是多种因素共同作用的结果。自然因素是乡村聚落形成与发展的基础,人文社会因素是乡村聚落发展及空间演变的主要驱动因素。